Indonesia history timeline license#

A massacre in the village Rawagede had been the subject of debate at the United Nations Security Council in 1948. Massacres by Dutch Special Forces on the island of South Celebes (present day Sulawesi) had been the subject of parliamentary debate. After over four years of bitter conflict The Netherlands was forced to concede independence to Indonesia in December 1949.Д«y the end of the war numerous cases of military excesses had come to the attention of the Dutch public. The Dutch tried, with great difficulty, to reassert their control of the archipelago. With the defeat of Japan, Indonesian nationalists declared independence. The Dutch had ruled most of Indonesia for 350 years, but found themselves prisoners of the Japanese from 1942 to 1945. Especially in the past couple of months, history has become front page news. Events during the past year have forced the Dutch nation to reconsider the myth that for over a half century has formed their collective memory. During the following decades this tropical misadventure formed an almost blank page in the nation's history. The Dutch lost the conflict, and in December 1949 their former colony, the Dutch East Indies, gained independence. Conveniently forgotten was that, following this episode, the Dutch state mobilized the largest army in its history and fought a war against the Indonesian independence movement. For the Dutch, the history of the mid- 20 thcentury was quite simple until very recently: a freedom loving people (the Dutch) were attacked by an aggressive neighbor (Germany) and suffered for five years until, with the help of some friends, they were liberated. The problem with the past sometimes, is that it isn't past at all, as the Dutch have been forced to face up to recently.

Indonesia history timeline license#

The article is shared under the Creative Commons license with due credit given to both Paul Doolan and On Line Opinion. In this article, Doolan discusses the fascinating history of oppression and atrocities in post-war Indonesia during their fight for independence and how this history was all but erased from the Dutch public conscience in for over 60 years. Importantly, improved fuel quality standards and fuel price programs would help reduce air pollution and transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions.The piece below is written by Paul Doolan and was published today in the Australian e-journal On Line Opinion as вЂњ In the Netherlands, a suppressed history makes the headlinesвЂќ. This would support implementation of soot-free Euro 6/VI vehicle emission standards. Indonesia would also benefit from revised national fuel quality regulations that establish a timeline for the nationwide availability of gasoline and diesel fuels containing no greater than 10 ppm sulfur by 2023. Ending subsidies and/or fixed prices for dirty fuels would favor both the purchase of low-sulfur fuels and the infrastructure upgrades to allow for domestic production of higher quality fuel. The authors explain how reforms to fuel quality standards and to current pricing mechanisms could help shape the market in the direction of cleaner fuels. Moreover, CN 48 diesel sold by Pertamina continues to be subsidized at a fixed price of 5,150 Indonesian Rupiah per liter, which is less than half the price of the next highest diesel fuel grade. While the government ended subsidies for RON 88 gasoline in 2015, there remains a вЂњone priceвЂќ policy that ensures it is sold by state-owned Pertamina and by PT AKR Corporindo Tbk at the same discounted price across the country. Fuel consumption trends are partially reflective of fuel prices, and the gasoline and diesel grades that have dominated in Indonesia have historically been subsidized. CN 48 diesel is allowed up to 2,500 ppm sulfur and there is no limit on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. RON 88 gasoline can have up to 500 parts per million (ppm) sulfur content and there is no limit on benzene or aromatics. As this working paper describes, fuels sold in Indonesia can have high levels of sulfur and other additives.